Signals showcased within the signal zone or horizontally across the airfield are intended for interpretation by airborne pilots. Conversely, signals displayed on the signal mast or vertically within the airfield zone are meant for interpretation by pilots operating within the maneuvering airspace of the airfield.

Taxi Tracks Airfield Markings

All taxi lane demarcations should be applied using non-reflective yellow paint. Each taxi lane must be delineated by a single continuous strip, 6 inches in width, alongside the center line.

Intersection of Taxi Track with Runways

• At points where taxi lanes intersect with runways, specifically at intermediate locations (apart from the ends of runways), the center line marking should merge with the runway center line marking in a curved manner. This marking should extend parallel to the runway line markings for a distance of 200 ft. beyond the point of tangency. The curve of this taxi lane turn-off should have the widest radius possible, tangent to a line parallel to and three feet from the side of the runway center line marking and the taxi lane center line marking, maintaining a clearance to the taxi lane or runway edge of not less than half the width of the taxi lane.

Taxi Track Holding Line Marking

• Points where runways intersect with taxi lanes are to be denoted by four non-reflective yellow lines spaced at intervals of 7 spaces (equivalent to 3 ft. 6 inches), marked across the taxi lane at a distance of 150 ft. from the edge of the runway or intersecting taxi lane. Two of these lines should consist of broken bars, each 3 ft. in length with 3 ft. spacing. The end bars and spacing should be continuous across the entire width of the taxi lane. The center line marking of the taxi lane should extend up to the solid holding line but remain 3 ft. away from the broken holding line.

Taxi Track Shoulders

Straight Sections

• On straight segments of taxi lanes, shoulder stabilization should be indicated with uniformly spaced lines between the tangent points of curves, similar to warm-up pads. These lines should be perpendicular to the center line of the taxi lane, starting from the edge of the taxi lane and extending outwards to the outer edge of the shoulder stabilization. The width of these lines should be determined accordingly.

Curved Sections

• For curved airfield markings sections of taxi lanes equipped with shoulder stabilization, markings should follow the same principles as stabilization on curved segments of warm-up pads.

Runway Shoulders

When the shoulders of runways are stabilized with materials resembling pavement but not intended for aircraft use, they should be marked with partial chevrons. These chevrons should align with the chevrons used to mark blast pads, sharing the same index point. The apex of the partial chevrons should align with the center line of the runway from both ends.

Apron Shoulders

Shoulders of aprons are to be airfield markings marked similarly to warm-up pads or taxi lanes.

Closed Runway and Taxi Track

Closed runways and taxi lanes are to be indicated with large crosses at each end.

Permanently Closed Runways and Taxi Tracks

Runways or taxi lanes permanently closed to aircraft traffic should have all markings indicating usability obliterated. Non-reflective red paint should be used for painting the crosses, positioned near the ends of each closed runway or taxi lane. Additional crosses should be placed on the closed surface on each side of usable surfaces if a closed runway or taxi lane intersects with a usable one.

Temporarily Closed Runway and Taxi Tracks

Temporarily closed runways or taxi lanes should be marked with crosses of the same size and color as those used for permanently closed areas. These crosses, constructed of locally available materials such as fabric or plywood, should be positioned over the runway numerals.

Application of Paint

Painted markings should only be applied to properly prepared surfaces when dry, clean, and fully cured. Newly paved surfaces must be allowed to cure completely before paint application to prevent rapid deterioration of both pavement and paint.

Sterile Are

Segments of runways deemed unfit for landing due to existing or potential obstructions above the approach gradient are to be considered sterile areas. The extent of the sterile area should be determined by clearing the obstruction with the necessary approach gradient. An artificial threshold, indicated by a transverse white line and four chevrons across the runway, should be established. Approach lighting should ideally commence from the artificial threshold if the sterile area is less than 500 feet.

Runway Discs

Purpose

• Runway discs serve as vertical indicators at specific points along the runway, providing precise visual information regarding remaining runway distance in addition to distance marker boards.

Structure

• The discs, constructed from plywood or pressed wood, should be lightweight. Each disc should measure one foot in diameter and ½ inch in thickness.

Color

• Discs positioned 2000 feet from the runway end should be painted red on the side facing aircraft landing and takeoff. Discs placed halfway between two runway ends should be half black and half white on both sides.

Mounting

• The base of the discs should consist of wooden blocks measuring 6” X 6” to prevent rotation around the vertical axis. The top of the disc should be positioned 30″ above runway level. Twelve discs should be mounted in a line (perpendicular to the runway centerline) on each side of the runway. The discs should be mounted so that the face is visible to pilots, with a distance of 18″ between each support.

Distance Marker Board

Purpose

• Distance marker boards are vertical signs spaced at 1,000 ft. intervals along the runway, providing accurate information on the remaining distance for aircraft during takeoff and landing.

Layout

• Distance marker signs will be arranged in straight lines on each side of the runway, parallel to the runway centerline.

Index Point

• Index points, where the line of signs intersects a line perpendicular to the runway centerline through the threshold, should be established.

Zero Point

• Zero points are determined by measuring from each index point along the line of signs a distance equal to half the runway length over full thousands of feet. For example, if the runway length is 9744 feet, and it exceeds a full thousand by 744 feet, the zero point will be established accordingly.

Longitudinal Position

• Signs should be uniformly spaced along the line of signs at 1000 feet intervals, starting from the zero points. The first and last signs should be positioned 1000 feet from the zero points.

Numbering

• Signs should be consecutively numbered to indicate the remaining distance on both sides of the runway in thousands of feet. The numbers painted on the signs represent the remaining distance in thousands of feet.

Interference Points

• Distance signs positioned within 150 feet on either side of runway intersections are omitted, except for signs falling within one intersection distance, which may be moved back up to 10 feet along the line of signs when necessary.

Lateral Position

• Distance marker signs should be positioned so that the edge nearest the runway aligns with the line of signs.

Material

• Distance marker boards should be made of plywood, pressed wood, or fabrics, with a face size of 60 inches. Each board should have figures painted in white reflective paint against a black background.

Mounting

• Two boards joined at a 60-degree angle to each other should be mounted at each point, facing opposite directions. The boards should be mounted with stability but without embedding legs into the ground, ensuring the